Who Was Responsible for Continued Spread of Islam Apwh
SPREAD OF ISLAM
Study Guide – The Spread of Islam & Africa
Islam: submission to God's (Allah's) will
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Islam originated in the Arabian peninsula
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Muslims & prophet Mohammed conquered an empire spreading from Spain to central Asia- combining classical civilizations of Greece, Egypt, and Persia
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Islamic Civilization was spread by merchants, wandering mystics, and warriors throughout Africa, Asia, and S. Europe
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Islam also spread along oceanic trade routes to southeast Asia and down to E. Africa
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Muslim merchants = key links in trade; Muslim merchants & conquerors = prime agents for transferring food crops, technology, ideas of centers of civilization throughout E. Hemisphere
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Qur'an= holy book containing Allah's revelations to Mohammed
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Caliph= religious and secular leader
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Umma= community of believers
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Abu Bakr became first caliph after Muhammad's death
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Sunni: caliph should be strongest member of tribe vs. Shiite: caliph should be descendant of Mohammad
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Umayyad= Shiite Abbasid= Sunni
Order of Spread:
People:
Muhammed: lived c. 570 – 632 (Muhammad enters Mecca 630)
Caliph Abu Bakr: 632 – 634
Caliph Umar: 634 – 644
Caliph Uthman: 644 – 656 (assassinated, then Ali; son in law of Mohammad was appointed caliph)
Mu'awiya: 661 – 680 (brother-in-law to Muhammad – First Caliph of Umayyad Dynasty)
Harun al-Rashid: rules 786 – 809
W ← Arabians Arabic became language of trade, law, and business
Events:
610 Muhammad's first revelations:
613 Muhammad begins to preach new fate
622 Muhammad flees from Mecca to Medina
624 – 627 Wars between followers of Muhammad & Quraysh of Mecca
630 Muhammad enters Mecca = triumph
661 – 750: Umayyad Caliphate = Muslim Expansion into N. Africa
750: Abbasid Caliphate established - Baghdad
711 – 713: First Muslim raids into India
945: Persian Buyids capture Baghdad
1055 Seljuk Turks overthrow Buyids, control caliphate
1096- 1099: First Crusade
1290s Beginning of the Spread of Islam in SE Asia
1291: fall of Acre = end of Crusades
1258: Fall of Baghdad to Mongols; end of Abbasid caliphate
Assassination of Ali →Umayyad family came to power = Umayyad Caliphate→ Capital= Damascus
Umayyad → Abbasid
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50, 000 warriors settled near oasis town of Merv, married local women; began to resent dictates of governors sent from Damascus (Umayyad caliphate)
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revolt → Abbasid party challenged Umayyad armies in 747 = victory
-Abbasid allies; Shi'a & mawali (non-Arabian Muslims)
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Persia & Iraq fell to rebels
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Umayyad army led by Umayyad caliph defeated in Battle on the River Zab near Tigris
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Abbasid victory led to conquest of Syria then capture of Umayyad capital
-Wanting to eliminate Umayyads →banquet; kill Umayyads – grandson of former caliph fled to Cordoba, Spain established Caliphate of Cordoba
Abbasid Caliphate
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Abbasids rejected allies; defended Sunni Islam; became less tolerable of the views of the sects of Shi'ism
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New capital: Baghdad in Iraq - Baghdad was the center of learning and had the House of Wisdom which attracted scholars from Europe and Asia
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Bureaucratization of the Islamic Empire was reflected above all in the growing power of the wazir (chief administrator)
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Important pivots of commercial system: Abbasid (Islam) & Tang, Song (China)
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dhows= sailing vessels with triangular sails
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Wealth due to trade; some money went to charity (due to Qur'an) → mosques, schools, rest houses (for travelers), hospitals
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Artists were poor, but were valued. Formed guild-like organizations
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Slaves: clever, good-looking ones valued
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Positions of women: declined
-marriage at 9 (puberty)
-lives devoted to household
-harem & veil
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Ayan: wealthy landowner in country side
Achievements of Abbasid
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originally supported Shiites, but became more accepting of Sunni
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converts could advance in society
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Learning of Greeks, Persians, Romans preserved
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Spread of Arabic numerals to W. EUR
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Algebra, Geometry, Trigonometry
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Astrolobe= measures positions of stars
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optic surgery, human anatomy studied
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detailed maps of world
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calligraphy arabesques used on pottery
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use of images of God & Mohammad, etc. forbidden (idolatry)
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minarets topped mosques ( mosques became more elaborate)
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Great Literature (ex. Arabian Nights) produced
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Sufis (mystics) began missionary work to spread Islam
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House of Wisdom built in Baghdad - translated texts Greek/Latin/Persian/etc. ↔Arabic
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Dar al Islam= areas that share a common Muslim culture as the basis of their society. Became one of most powerful influences of end of 15th century
Trade
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carpets, linens, brocade, ceramics from Abbasid Empire
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silk, porcelain from China
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Rubies, silver, dyestuffs from India
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Trinkets, slaves from Byzantine Empire
Five Pillars: Ramadan=annual fast, Shahada= acceptance of Mohammad being God's messenger, Salat= prayer, Zakat= charity, Hajj, (Jihad- for Shiites)
Spread of Islam to Southeast Asia
- Arab traders frequently went to ports of Southeast Asia. Ships carried goods, but also sometimes Sufi mystics
- Traded items; aromatic woods from rainforests of Borneo & Sumatra, spices (cloves, nutmeg, mace) from Indonesia
- Shrivijaya= trading empire centered on the Strait of Malacca between Malaya & Sumatra
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Africa
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Bantu Migration: migration of cultures replacing Khoi San ( W → N, E, S)
N
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*Mediterranean
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* Sahara, Nile River
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Atlas Mountains
Islam
Conquest
W
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*Savannahs (Sahel)
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↑Population
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Niger River (not navigable)
Islam
Trade
E
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*Great Rift Valley = Highland & Coastal Culture
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*Indian Ocean
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Christianity in Ethiopia
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Mt. Kilimanjaro
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L. Victoria
Islam
Trade
C
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*Jungle (Congo)
Animism
S
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Rivers
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Kalahari Desert
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"authentic African culture" – diverse geography
1400 Ethiopian Christian Kingdoms
1500 Songhay Empire flourishes; Benin at height
Events:
100-200 Camels introduced for trade in the Sahara
300 Origins of the kingdom of Ghana
1000 Ghana at height
1200 Rise of Mali Empire
1260 Death of Sundiata
1300 Mali at its height; Kanem Empire as rival
1324 Pilgrimage of Mansa Musa
- Mansa Musa lord of Mali Empire stayed at Cairo in 1324 and spent so much gold that he ruined their economy for 12 years
- Stateless Societies: states organized around kinship or other forms of obligation and lacking the concentration of political power and authority
- Members of stateless societies could leave the society and form a new village
o Bantu speaking peoples provided a linguistic base across Africa, so even though specific languages differed, structure and vocabulary allowed some mutual understanding
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Worship: dancing, drumming, divination, sacrifice
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Believed evil, disasters, illnesses produced by witchcraft – Specialists needed to combat evil and eliminate witches
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African religion provided a cosmology – a view of how the universe worked – and a guide to ethics and behavior
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Ancestors = first settlers = owners of land
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Religion, economics, history closely intertwined
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Practiced Veneration
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Followers of Mohammad from Suez → Morocco's Atlantic shore
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Africa : Tunisia = Ifrqiya = NE Africa; W Africa= Maghrib
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Attraction of Islam: equality, unification
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Christianity: Coptics in Nubia & Ethiopia. Surrounded by pagans & Jewish immigrants
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Sahel= extensive grassland belt at the southern edge of Sahara – trade between south & north
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Sudanic states often had a patriarch or council of elders - Sudanic kingdoms include Ghana, Mali, Songhay
Map of Africa & Middle East
- Benin: city state formed sometime in 14th century. Under Ewuare the Great, it extended from Niger River to the coast near modern Lagos.
- Kongo Kingdom in lower Congo River – agriculturally based society – Kingship hereditary
- Zimbabwe= stone houses – Great Zimbabwe= stone settlement complexes; place of worship & served as royal court of kingdom at times
Ghana
800s - 1076
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Ghana empire founded by Sonike
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mid 1000s = height of power
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tried to expand north into lands of Almoravids, but this led to war
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1076, captured by Almoravids
c. 750 Sonike found ancient Ghana & gain power by making iron weapons. Emerges has major trading state in Sudan – controls salt & gold trades
900s-1000s Ghana at height
1070Almoravids (Berber tribes) enter from N. Africa
1077 Conquest of Ghana
Mali
1200- 1400
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Centered between the Senegal and Niger rivers
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Created by Malinke peoples who broke away from control of Ghana in 13th century
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Model of Islamicized Sudanic kingdoms
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Agriculturally based economy
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Juula (Mali merchants) traded with rest of W Africa
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Sundiata= leader; "Lion Prince"
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Griots= oral historians
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People left and established their own kingdoms & Tuareg captured Timbuktu(center of learning) => Fall of Mali
1230-1240 Sundiata Keita defeats Sumanguru & city of Sosso. Establishes Mali Mandinka Empire
1307-1337 Mansa Musa as emperor, trip to Cairo – brings experts back to create Muslim schools and law courts & building techniques
c. 1350 Ibn Battuta visits Mali
1400 Gao declares independence, declines as Songhay emerges
Songhay
1460-1591
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Dominated middle areas of the Niger valley
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Farmers, herders, fishers
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Capital established at Gao on Niger River
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Came to power because of military (led by Sunni Ali) skilled cavalry, strong navy
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Sunni Ali established Songhay empire – seized trading cities of Timbuktu (from Tuareg) & Jenne
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Muhammad the Great (gained askia title) (1st Muslim ruler)extended borders, strengthened gov.'t during 35 years of reign
1465 Sunni Ali gains control of Niger region – new farming methods & navy
1493 Askia Muhammad governs Songhay - Timbuktu & Jenne prosper
1510 Leo Africanus visits western Sudan
1549-1583 reign of Askya Daoud – height of Songay
1591 Moroccan invasion; defeat of Songay at Tondibi; declines into anarchy
- FOR ALL OF THE WEST AFRICAN EMPIRES, THEY GREW WEALTHY BECAUSE OF TAXATION ON GOLD & SALT TRADE, and GOLD & SALT TRADE ITSELF
- Mansa Musa lord of Mali Empire stayed at Cairo in 1324 and spent so much gold that he ruined their economy for 12 years
Source: https://nerdystudyguides.blogspot.com/p/apwh-spread-of-islam.html
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